Motivational Orientation, Boredom and Fun in Physical Education: The Mediation Role of Self-Esteem and Motor Self-Efficacy.

Adolescents who enjoy physical education (PE) classes are more likely to be active during out-of-school hours. Similarly, achievement goal theory suggests that task-oriented motivation is associated with higher levels of reported fun during PE classes. In contrast, ego-oriented motivation has been related to boredom in class, but some self-perceptions (e.g., self-esteem or motoric self-efficacy) may modify this relationship and are important for physical activity. Our aim in this paper was to analyze the relationships between motivational orientation and fun and boredom in PE classes by assessing the mediating effects of self-esteem and self-efficacy. We surveyed 478 teenagers between 13 and 18 years of age (M = 14.57; SD = 1.15) with the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE), the Motor Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES), and the Intrinsic Satisfaction in Sport Scale (SSI-EF). We used a structural equation model to evaluate relationships between these variables of interest. We found a positive relationship between ego orientation and boredom and between task orientation and fun; and we found a negative relationship between task orientation and boredom in PE classes. Importantly, we observed indirect effects from self-esteem and motoric self-efficacy in the relationships between motivational orientation and boredom and fun in PE. These results highlight the importance of students' motivational orientations in PE classes and illustrate that self-perception of self-esteem and motoric self-efficacy can mediate these relationships.

Motivational orientation and intention to be physically active in physical education students: The role of motor self-efficacy / Orientação motivacional e intenção de ser fisicamente ativo em estudantes de educação física: O papel da auto-eficácia motora / Orientación motivacional e intención de ser físicamente activo en estudiantes de educación física: El papel de la autoeficacia motriz

La motivación orientada a la tarea se vincula con la tendencia de los estudiantes de Educación Física a asociarse con una mayor probabilidad de ser físicamente activos en el futuro y fuera de las clases de Educación Física, mientras que la motivación orientada al ego estaría vinculada a una menor probabilidad de desarrollar estilos de vida activos. Además, la literatura existente ha mostrado que la percepción de autoeficacia también sería una variable que determina la intención de ser activo. Así, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las relaciones entre la orientación motivacional y la intención de ser activo, analizando el papel de la autoeficacia motriz en estas relaciones. Para ello, se desarrolló un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales en el que se evaluaron los efectos directos e indirectos entre las variables. Participaron en esta investigación 478 adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre los 13 y los 18 años (M=14.57; DT=1.15). Para la recogida de información se utilizaron elCuestionario Orientación al Ego y a la Tarea en el Deporte (TEOSQ), la Escala de Autoeficacia Motriz (MSES) y la Escala de Intención de Ser Físicamente Activo (MIFA). Los datos mostraron una relación positiva y directa entre la orientación a la tarea con la autoeficacia motriz y la intención de ser activo. Asimismo, los datos mostraron una relación positiva y directa entre la orientaciónal ego con la autoeficacia motora, pero no con la intención de ser activo. Asimismo, se observaron efectos indirectos y positivos entre la orientación a la tarea y al ego con la intención de ser activo. Por lo tanto, los resultados de este estudio muestran que podría ser necesario tener en cuenta la autoeficacia para comprender mejor las relaciones entre las orientaciones motivacionales y la intención de ser activo.(AU)

Task-oriented is linked to the tendency of Physical Education students to be associated with a higher likelihoodof being physically active in the future and outside of Physical Education classes, while ego-oriented motivation is linked to a lower likelihood of developing active lifestyles. However, existing literature has shown that self-efficacy perception is also a variable that determines the intention to be active. Thus, this research aimed to analyze the relationships between motivational orientationand the intention to be active, examining the role of motor self-efficacy in these relationships. To this end, astructural equation model was developed in which direct and indirect effects between the variables were evaluated. A total of 478 adolescents aged between 13 and 18 years old (M=14.57; SD=1.15) participated in this research. The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), the Motor Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES), and the Intention of Being Physically Active Scale (MIFA) were used to collect information. The data showed a positive and direct relationship between task orientation with motor self-efficacy and intention to be active. Likewise, the data showed a positive and direct relationship between ego orientation and motor self-efficacy, but not to be active. Additionally, indirect and positive effects were observed between task and ego orientation to be active. Therefore, the results of this study suggest that it might be necessary to consider self-efficacy to better understand the relationships between motivational orientations and intention to be active.(AU)

A orientação para a tarefa está ligada à tendência dos estudantes de Educação Física para serem fisicamente activos no futuro bem como fora das aulas de Educação Física. Por outro lado, a orientação para o ego está mais relacionada com uma menor probabilidade de desenvolverem estilos de vida activos. No entanto, a literatura existente tem demonstrado que a perceção de auto-eficácia seria também uma variável que determina a intenção de ser ativo. Assim, o objetivodo presente estudo foi analisar as relações entre a orientação motivacional e a intenção de ser ativo, analisando o papel da auto-eficácia motora nestas relações. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um modelo de equações estruturais no qual foram avaliados os efeitos diretos e indiretos. Participaram nesta investigação 478 adolescentes com idades compreendidas entre os 13 e os 18 anos (M=14,57; DP=1,15). Para a recolha de informação foram utilizados o Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), aMotor Self-Efficacy Scale (MSES) e a Intention ofBeing Physically Active Scale (MIFA). Os dados revelaram uma relação positiva e direta entre a orientação para a tarefa, a auto-eficácia motora e a intenção de ser ativo. Além disso, os dados revelaram uma relação positiva e direta entre a orientação para o ego e a auto-eficácia motora, mas não com a intenção de ser ativo. Da mesma forma, foram observados efeitos indirectos positivos entre a orientação para a tarefa e a orientação para o ego com a intenção de ser ativo. Portanto, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que pode ser necessário considerar a autoeficácia para entender as relações entre as orientações motivacionais e a intenção de ser ativo.(AU)

Analysis of the Sports Psychological Profile, Competitive Anxiety, Self-Confidence and Flow State in Young Football Players.

The objective of this study was to analyse the correlations among the sports psychological profile, competitive anxiety, self-confidence and the flow state of young football players. Additionally, potential distinctions based on age category, competitive level and field position were explored. This study included 328 participants divided into two groups: Group 1, 14-15 year olds, and Group 2, 16-18 year olds (M = 15.85; SD = 1.44). Data were collected by using the Psychological Inventory of Sports Execution (IPED), the Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R) and the Flow State Scale (FSS). The findings revealed positive associations between the sports psychological profile and self-confidence, as well as with the flow state. Conversely, competitive anxiety demonstrated negative relationships with the sports psychological profile, self-confidence and the state of flow. Moreover, superior scores were observed in the analysed variables for the older age category and higher competitive level, with no notable disparities based on field positions. These results underscore the interplay of psychological factors in the performance of football players and underline distinctions among players according to their category (age and level). This emphasises the importance of scrutinising these variables in athletes to comprehend their profiles and enable targeted interventions aimed at enhancing their psychological resources for competitive scenarios.

The effect of the colour red in 20 years of Olympic taekwondo.

The objectives of this study were (1) to analyse the relationship between the colour of the protectors and the outcome of 895 matches in the six Olympic Games in which taekwondo has been included, and (2) to analyse the effect of confounding factors through the different degrees of asymmetry between contestants. Data were recorded on the colour of each athlete's protectors, the scoring system, the sex of the athlete, the weight category, the round of competition, the winner of the match, the method of victory and the points scored by each athlete. Among the main results, a relationship emerged between male athletes wearing red and winning the match (p = 0.034) under the manual scoring system. There were relationships between female athletes wearing blue and winning the match in the quarterfinal (p = 0.014) and last 16 rounds (p = 0.021) using the manual and electronic scoring systems respectively. In female athletes, relationships emerged between wearing blue and winning the match with small (p = 0.008) and medium (p = 0.047) asymmetry under the manual system and with large (p = 0.036) asymmetry under the electronic system. The electronic system had a positive impact on the fairness of Olympic competition. Red tends to gain in importance as the asymmetry between the two athletes decreases, but not enough to give a competitive advantage. The results for Olympic competition held in the now concluded era of the manual system confirmed the presence of the colour effect as a result of psychological factors attributable to referees and judges.

Portuguese Validation of the Grit-S scale for the sport context / Validación Portuguesa de la escala Grit-S para el contexto del deporte / Validação portuguesa da escala Grit-S para o contexto do desporto

El grit implica una actitud apasionada y persistente, ser capaz de mantener el enfoque y la determinación incluso frente a obstáculos y fracasos. La perseverancia en el esfuerzo contribuye al logro de la maestría y la consistencia en los intereses promueve el compromiso con la práctica deliberada en prol de la excelencia. El objetivo del presente estudio fue validar la Escala Portuguesa Grit-S en el contexto del deporte. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 446 atletas federados (328 hombres y 190 mujeres; edad M = 17,60 años; SD = 6,27). Después de eliminar un ítem de la Grit-S, el análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que la escala de estructura de dos factores es aceptable en la muestra portuguesa. El modelo de medición comprobó su invariabilidad en función del género. Asimismo, encontramos una correlación negativa significativa entre la consistencia de los intereses y la perseverancia en el esfuerzo. En conclusión, la versión portuguesa de la escala reducida del Grit (Grit-S), adaptada para el contexto deportivo, presentó dos factores con propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para ser aplicados en este contexto. Por lo tanto, puede ser aplicable y útil en contextos deportivos de habla portuguesa por parte de entrenadores y psicólogos. (AU)

Grit involves a passion and persistent attitude and being able to sustain focus and determination even in the face of obstacles and failures.Perseverance in effort contributes to the achievement of mastery and consistency in interests promotes the commitment to deliberate practice in pursuit of excellence. The goal of the study was to validate the Portuguese Short Grit Scale specifically within the context of sports.The researchers gathered a sample of 446 federated athletes(328 males and 190 females; M age = 17,60 years; SD = 6,27). After removing one item from the Grit–S, the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the two-factor structure of the scale is appropriate in the Portuguese context. The measurement model was found be invariant in function of gender. Additionally, we found a significant negative correlation between consistency of interests and persistence. This suggests that the adapted Portuguese Short Grit Scale is a reliable and valid tool that can be used by coaches and sport psychologists to assess grit among portuguese athletes. (AU)

O grit envolve paixão e uma atitude persistente, bem como a capacidade de mantero foco e a determinação apesar dos obstáculos e das falhas. A perseverança no esforço contribui para a conquista da mestria e a consistência nos interesses promove o compromisso com a prática deliberada em prol da excelência. O objetivo deste estudo foi validar a versão reduzida da escala portuguesa de Grit (Grit-S) no contexto do desporto. A amostra foi constituída por 446 atletas federados (328 homens e 190 mulheres; idade M = 17,60 anos; DP = 6,27. O modelo de medida revelou ser invariante em função do sexo. Encontramos uma correlação negativa significativa entre a consistência de interesses e a perseverança no esforço. Em suma, a versão portuguesa da escala de Grit (Grit-S) adaptada para o contexto desportivo, apresentou dois fatores com propriedades psicométricas adequadas-possibilitando a sua aplicação em contextos desportivos de língua portuguesa, por treinadores e psicólogos do desporto. (AU)

Efectos de una sesión de juegos reducidos basados en balonmano sobre la atención selectiva, sostenida y amplitud atencional en una muestra de adultos jóvenes / Efeitos de uma sessão de jogo pequeno baseado em handebol na atenção seletiva e sustentada e atenção em uma amostra de adultos jovens / Effects of a small-sided handball game on selective, sustained attention and attentional amplitude in a sample of young adults

Estudios previos han puesto de relieve los efectos crónicos y agudos que el ejercicio físico tiene sobre el funcionamiento cognitivo. Sin embargo, es necesario seguir profundizando para obtener información precisa sobre qué tipo de ejercicio es más favorable sobre determinadas capacidades cognitivas. Así, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar los efectos de una sesión de juegos reducidos basados en el balonmano sobre la atención selectiva, sostenida y amplitud atencional en una muestra de adultos jóvenes. Formaron parte de este estudio 52 participantes con edades entre 21 y 25 años (M = 21.83; DT = .94) procedentes de la ciudad de Málaga (España). Se empleó un diseño de investigación cuasiexperimental intersujetos con grupo control y experimental. Mediante análisis estadísticos no paramétricos (U Mann Whitney y Wilcoxon) se trató de explorar los efectos de la sesión de actividad físico/deportiva sobre cuatro pruebas de amplitud atencional, dos de atención selectiva y una de atención sostenida. Los resultados mostraron efectos estadísticamente significativos sobre las pruebas de atención selectiva y amplitud atencional, aunque no en la prueba de atención sostenida. Los hallazgos encontrados sugieren que la actividad físico-deportiva colectiva podría tener un efecto agudo significativo sobre la atención, aunque sería necesario seguir indagando sobre qué dimensiones específicas de la atención, dadas las diferencias encontradas entre unos parámetros y otros. (AU)

Previous studies have highlighted the chronic and acute effects that physical exercise has on cognitive functioning. However, it is necessary to go deeper in order to obtain precise information on what typeof exercise is more favorable for certain cognitive abilities. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the effects of a session of small games based on handball on selective, sustained attention and attention span in a sample of young adults. Fifty-two participants between the ages of 21 and 25 (M= 21.83; SD= .94) from the city of Malaga (Spain) took part in this study. A quasi-experimental intersubject's research design was used with a control and experimental group. Using non-parametric statistical analyzes (U Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon) we tried to explore the effects of the physical/sports activity session on four tests of attention span, two of selective attention and one of sustained attention. The results showed statistically significant effects on the selective tests and attention span, although not on the sustained attention test. The findings suggest that collective physical-sporting activity could have a significant acute effect on attention, although it would be necessary to continue investigating the specific dimensions of attention, given the differences found between some parameters and others. (AU)

Estudos anteriores destacaram os efeitos crônicos e agudos que o exercício físico tem no funcionamento cognitivo. No entanto, é necessário aprofundar este conhecimento para obter informações mais precisas sobre qual tipo de exercício mais favorável para determinadas habilidades cognitivas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar os efeitos de uma sessão de pequenos jogos baseados no andebol na atenção seletiva, sustentada e capacidade de atenção numa amostra de adultos jovens. Cinquenta e dois participantes com idades compreendidas entre 21 e 25 anos (M= 21,83; DP= ,94)da cidade de Málaga (Espanha) participaram deste estudo. Um projeto de pesquisa intersujeitos quase-experimental foi usado com um grupo de controlo e experimental. Através de análises estatísticas não paramétricas (U Mann Whitney e Wilcoxon) procurámos explorar os efeitos da sessão de atividade física/desportiva em quatro testes de capacidade de atenção, dois de atenção seletiva e um de atenção sustentada. Os resultados evidenciaram diferenças estatisticamente significativos nos testes de atenção e seletivos, mas não no teste de atenção sustentada. Os resultadosencontrados sugerem que a atividade físico-desportiva coletiva pode ter um efeito agudo significativo na atenção, embora seja necessário continuar a investigar as dimensões específicas da atenção, dadas as diferenças encontradas entre alguns parâmetros. (AU)

La modalidad de actividad físico-deportiva practicada determina el nivel de atención dividida en adultos jóvenes / O tipo de atividade físico-esportiva praticada determina o nível de atenção dividida em adultos jovens / The type of physical-sports activity practised determis the level of divided attention among young adults

El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar las diferencias en el nivel de atención dividida en función de la modalidad de práctica físico-deportiva realizada. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 610 deportistas (66.55% género femenino), con edades entre 20 y 35 años (M ± DT = 22.53 ± 2.72). Para evaluar la atención dividida se utilizó el Test de Círculos, el cual pertenece al software Procesos Atencionales y que está alojado en la plataforma de evaluación online MenPas 1.0 (www.menpas.com). Los resultados obtenidos pusieron de relieve que la práctica de actividad físico-deportiva de tipo colectiva estuvo asociada a una mejor puntuación en el Test de Círculos, encontrándose las mayores diferencias entre las modalidades colectivas e individuales. Estos hallazgos sugieren que practicar actividades físico-deportivas de tipo colectivo, debido a las características de estos deportes, podría contribuir a un mejor desarrollo de capacidades cognitivas como la atención dividida. (AU)

This study aims to determine the differences in levels of dividided attention according to the type of physical-sports activity practised. The sample consisted of 610 athletes (66.55% females) aged between 20 and 35 years (M ± DT = 22.53 ± 2.72). Divided attention was assessed using The Circles Test of the Attentional Processes software hosted on the MenPas 1.0 online assessment platform (www.menpas.com). The result show that the practice of collective physical-sport activity was associated with a better score in the Circles Test, with the greatest differences being between collective and individual modalities. These findings suggest that due to the characteristics of these collective physical-sports, they may contribute to improve Development of cognitive abilities such as divided attention. (AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar as diferenças no nível de atenção dividido de acordo com a modalidade de prática físico-esportiva realizada. A amostra foi composta por 610 atletas (66,55% do sexo feminino), com idade entre 20 e 35 anos(M ± SD = 22,53 ± 2,72). Para avaliar a atenção dividida, foi utilizado o Teste dos Círculos, que pertence ao software Processos de Atenção e está hospedado na plataforma de avaliação online MenPas 1.0 (www.menpas.com). Os resultados obtidos destacaram que a prática de atividade físico-esportiva coletiva esteve associada a uma melhor pontuação no Teste de Círculos, sendo as maiores diferenças encontradas entre as modalidades coletiva e individual. Esses achados sugerem que a prática de atividades físico-esportivas coletivas, devido às características desses esportes, poderia contribuir para um melhor desenvolvimento de habilidades cognitivas como a atenção dividida. (AU)

How Does the Level of Physical Activity Influence Eating Behavior? A Self-Determination Theory Approach.

Physical activity and diet are two predominant determinants of population health status that may influence each other. Physical activity has been identified as a behavior that may lead to a healthier diet and regulates eating behaviors. This research aimed to investigate how the level of physical activity is associated with the motivation related to eating behaviors and, consequently, the eating style individuals have on a daily basis. This was a cross-sectional study in which participants completed an online questionnaire that assessed the following variables: the level of physical activity, the motivation toward eating behavior, and the type of eating behavior. In total, 440 individuals (180 men and 260 women) who regularly exercised in gyms and fitness centers aged between 19 and 64 years (M = 33.84; SD = 10.09) took part in the study. The data were collected following the Declaration of Helsinki and with the approval of the Ethics Committee of the Polytechnic of Leiria. For the statistical analysis, mean and standard deviations were first calculated, as well as bivariate correlations between all the variables of interest. Then, structural equation model analyses were performed considering the levels of physical activity as the independent variable, motivations toward eating behavior as the mediators, and eating styles as the dependent variables. It was concluded that a greater level of physical activity leads to a more self-determined type of eating regulation, which in turn results in less constricted eating behaviors that are influenced by external factors and emotional factors.

Validación de un protocolo de Finger Tapping Test Informatizado / Validation of a Computerized Finger Tapping Test protocol

El Finger Tapping Test (FTT) es una prueba neurofisiológica con largo bagaje en el campo de la neuropsicología, utilizada para examinar el control motor. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue validar una versión informatizada del FTT, estimando su validez concurrente con pruebas estandarizadas de ansiedad y ansiedad precompetitiva. Formaron parte del estudio 102 participantes, de los cuales 47 practicaban actividad físico-deportiva de forma habitual y 55 no. El 34’31% de la muestra fueron hombres y el 65’68% mujeres. Se utilizaron dos versiones informáticas del FTT, junto a los cuestionarios Inventario del Estado de Ansiedad en Competición-2 (CSAI2), Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo (STAI), Inventario de Situaciones y Respuestas de Ansiedad (ISRA), Inventario de Ansiedad Competitiva (SCAT) y Cuestionario de Regulación Emocional (ERQ). Se encontraron correlaciones entre los pulsos de la modalidad clásica y versión movimiento y con algunas de las escalas de los cuestionarios utilizados como fue supresión emocional, ansiedad cognitiva y somática y, especialmente, autoconfianza. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de relieve la alta validez concurrente del programa. (AU)

The Finger Tapping Test (FTT) is a neurophysiological test with a long history in the field of neuropsychology, used to examine motor control. The objective of the present investigation was to validate a computerized version of the FTT, estimating its concurrent validity with standardized tests of anxiety and precompetitive anxiety. A total of 102 participants took part in the study, of which 47 practiced physical activity and sports on a regular basis, and 55 did not. 34.31% of the sample were men and 65.68% were women. Two computerized versions of the FTT were used, along with the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory 2 (CSAI2), State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire (STAI), Situation and Response Anxiety Inventory (ISRA), Competitive Anxiety Inventory (SCAT) and Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ). Correlations were found between the pulses of the classic modality and movement version and with some of the scales of the questionnaires used, such as emotional suppression, cognitive and somatic anxiety, and, especially, self-confidence. The results show that the FTT has stability in terms of its evaluation, as well as high concurrent validit (AU)

MenPas 1.0: Plataforma online de evaluación psicosocial / MenPas 1.0: Online psychosocial Assessment Platform

El uso de instrumentos informatizados y en línea se ha incrementado notablemente en las últimas décadas. Sucesos como la COVID-19 han influido en la consolidación de su uso, siendo herramientas de trabajo muy útiles para evaluación e investigación. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar una plataforma de evaluación online denominada MenPas 1.0, explorando sus áreas de trabajo y el flujo de datos de los últimos años. Se ha seguido una estrategia descriptiva para analizar las posibilidades que ofrece la plataforma, así como el tráfico de datos que posee y número de usuarios. Los resultados muestran que esta plataforma ofrece herramientas vinculadas a las siguientes áreas: ansiedad, atención, autoconcepto, autorregistros, burnout, búsqueda de talentos, calidad de vida, dinámica grupal, entrenamiento mental, inteligencia emocional, estrés, generalizabilidad, hipnosis, liderazgo, motivación, observación, organizaciones/calidad, socialización, toma de decisiones o visualización. Actualmente, tiene más de 16 mil usuarios registrados y acumula más de un millón trescientos mil sucesos. Algunos de los cuestionarios alojados han sido respondidos más de 60.000 veces. Además, sus usuarios proceden de múltiples países europeos y asiáticos, americanos o de Oceanía. Los resultados ponen de relieve el amplio espectro de uso que tiene la plataforma, las posibilidades de almacenamiento y procesamiento de datos que permite y la universalización de los recursos informatizados. (AU)

Computerized online instruments use has been increased significantly in recent decades. Influenced by events as COVID-19, consolidating its use in assessment and research. Present work main goal is to analyze the online assessment platform named MenPas 1.0, by exploring its working areas as well as the traffic communication data in the last years. A descriptive strategy has been followed in order to analyze the several possibilities offered by the platform as well as its data traffic and number of users. The results show that this platform offers a set of for the following areas: anxiety, attention, self-concept, self-registers, burnout, talent search, quality of life, group dynamics, mental training, emotional intelligence, stress, generalizability, hypnosis, leadership, motivation, observation, organizations/quality, socialization, decision making or visualization. Currently, it has more than 16 thousand registered users and accumulates more than 1.3 million events. Some of the hosted questionnaires have been run more than 60,000 times. In addition, users come from many European, Asian, American, and Oceanian countries. The results highlight the wide using spectrum of the platform joined to the data storing and processing possibilities what allows the computerized resources universalization. (AU)

Revisión sistemática sobre la incidencia de los programas de actividad física en la mejora cognitiva en la infancia y adolescencia / Physical activity programs incidence in cognitive improvement of children and adolescents: A systematic review

La infancia y adolescencia son etapas importantes en el desarrollo cerebral y son la base de la vida adulta. En numerosas ocasiones se ha demostrado los efectos de la actividad física en la salud, así como en el desarrollo cognitivo y moral. No obstante, no toda actividad física llega a causar efectos en las funciones cognitivas al mismo nivel, siendo la actividad vigorosa y el aumento de actividad cardiorrespiratoria las que aportan mayores beneficios. Esta revisión pretende recoger los estudios de los diez últimos años sobre los efectos de programas de actividad física en la cognición en la infancia y adolescencia. Se busca conocer qué tipo de actividad física es más beneficiosa para qué tipo de habilidad cognitiva. Los datos mostraron que la actividad física produce beneficios en la cognición, aunque es la actividad vigorosa la que genera mayor impacto. Los juegos reducidos y las actividades aeróbicas combinadas con coordinación se han visto mejores para inhibición y flexibilidad cognitiva. Aunque parece ser más importante la intensidad de la actividad. Esto puede beneficiar la planificación de los programas de actividad física y los beneficios que conlleva. (AU)

Childhood and adolescence are important stages in brain development and are the basis for adult life. The effects of physical activity on health, as well as on cognitive and moral development, have been demonstrated on numerous occasions. However, not all physical activity can have the same level of effect on cognitive functions, with vigorous activity and increased cardiorespiratory activity providing the greatest benefits. This review aims to collect the studies of the last ten years on the effects of physical activity programs on cognition in childhood and adolescence. The aim is to know which type of physical activity is more beneficial for which type of cognitive ability. The data showed that physical activity produces benefits on cognition, although vigorous activity has the greatest impact. Reduced games and aerobic activities combined with coordination have been found to be better for cognitive inhibition and flexibility. Although the intensity of the activity seems to be more important. This may benefit the planning of physical activity programs and the benefits it brings. (AU)

El tipo de deporte practicado determina el nivel de atención selectiva en adultos jóvenes / O tipo de esporte praticado determina o nível de atenção seletiva em adultos jovens / The type of sport practiced determines the level of selective attention in young adults

El propósito principal del presente trabajo fue determinar las diferencias existentes en atención selectiva entre personas que practicaban regularmente diferentes modalidades de actividad físico-deportiva. La muestra estuvo compuesta por un total de 1038 participantes siendo el 68.30% (n=709) mujeres y el 31.70% (n=329) hombres, con edades comprendidasentre 20 y 29 años (M ± DT = 22.54 ± 2.35). Para evaluar la atención selectiva se utilizó un test informatizado de tachado numérico (matriz 5x5), que forma parte del software Procesos Atencionales y que se encuentra alojado en la Plataforma de Evaluación Psicosocial MenPas 1.0. (www.menpas.com). Los resultados pusieron de relieve la existencia de diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los tipos de deporte en el tiempo de ejecución de la prueba realizada. Específicamente, los practicantes de deportes individuales empleaban más tiempo en la ejecución de la tarea que los que realizaban deportes colectivos (Z = −2.46; p = .014, Cohen’s d = .23, 95% CI (.07, .38)) o de adversario (Z = −2.11; p = .035, Cohen’s d = .19, 95% CI (.01, .38)). En concreto, aquellos que jugaban al pádel y al fútbol fueron los que mejores tiempos de ejecución obtuvieron. Los resultados obtenidos pusieron de relieve que la modalidad de deporte practicado podría tener un impacto diferencial en el desarrollo cognitivo, específicamente en la atención selectiva. (AU)

The main purpose of this study was to determine the differences in selective attention between people who regularly practiced different forms of physical-sports activity. The sample consisted of a total of 1,038 participants, 68.30% (n=709) being women and 31.70% (n=329) being men, aged between 20 and 29 years (M ± SD = 22.54 ± 2.35). The evaluate selective attention, a computerized numerical cross-out test (a 5x5 matrix) was used, which is part of the Attentional Processes software and is hosted on the MenPas 1.0 Psychosocial Assessment Platform. (www.menpas.com). The results highlighted the existence of statistically significant differences between the types of sport in the execution time of the test performed. Specifically, individual sports practitioners spent more time performing the task than those who performed team sports (Z= −2.46; p= .014, Cohen'sd= .23, 95% CI (.07, .38)) or adversary(Z= −2.11; p= .035, Cohen'sd= .19, 95% CI (.01, .38)). Specifically, those who played paddle tennis and soccer were the ones who obtained the best execution times. The results obtained highlighted that the type of sport practiced could have a differentialimpact on cognitive development, specifically on selective attention. (AU)

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi determinar as diferenças na atenção seletiva entre pessoas que praticavam regularmente diferentes formas de atividade físico-esportiva. A amostra foi composta por um total de 1.038 participantes, sendo 68,30% (n=709) mulheres e 31,70% (n=329) homens, com idade entre 20 e 29 anos (M ± DP = 22,54 ± 2,35). Para avaliar a atenção seletiva, foi utilizado um teste numérico computadorizado cruzado (uma matriz 5x5), que faz parte do software Processos de Atenção e está hospedado na Plataforma de Avaliação Psicossocial MenPas 1.0. (www.menpas.com). Os resultados evidenciaram a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os tipos de esporte no tempo de execução do teste realizado. Especificamente, os praticantes de esportes individuais gastaram mais tempo realizando a tarefa do que aqueles que realizaram esportes coletivos (Z= −2,46; p= 0,014, Cohen'sd= 0,23, IC 95% (0,07, 0,38)) ou adversário (Z = −2,11; p= 0,035, d de Cohen= 0,19, IC de 95% (0,01, 0,38)). Especificamente, aqueles que jogaram paddle e futebol foram os que obtiveram os melhores tempos de execução. Os resultados obtidos destacaram que o tipo de esporte praticado pode ter um impacto diferencial no desenvolvimento cognitivo, especificamente na atenção seletiva. (AU)

Sistema de observación para la evaluación técnica en la danza clásica: ejercicio del battement tendu / Sistema de observação para avaliação técnica em dança clásica: exercício battement tendu / Observation system for technical evaluation in classical dance: battement tenduexercise

El battement tendu, en sus diferentes formas de ejecución y cada una de ellas con su propio objetivo de trabajo, se hace indispensable desde los primeros cursos de formación en la danza académica, ya que proporciona la base para el aprendizaje de los bailarines y las bailarinas.El presente estudio muestra una herramienta de observación diseñada ad hoc para este ejercicio,compuesta por una combinación de formato de campo y sistemas de categorías, exhaustivas y mutuamente excluyentes (E/ME),con el objetivo de poder validar, codificar y evaluar dicho ejercicio de danza clásica en una barra de ballet. El instrumento se compone de 5criterios y un total de 54 categorías distribuidas de la siguiente forma: 23 en tren inferior, 9 en tren superior, 10 para cabeza/mirada, 3 en dirección espacial y 9 para las cuentas musicales. La muestra seleccionada en el estudio estaba formaba por 10 bailarines/as, ocho mujeres y dos hombres, todos con un nivel profesional en danza clásica. Se realizó un análisis de Calidad del Dato y un análisis de Generalizabilidad con los programas HOISAN y SAGTv1.0 respectivamente. Lafiabilidad de los observadores se llevó a cabo mediante el cálculo de los coeficientes de correlación Pearson, Spearman y Tau b de Kendall; y mediante el índice de concordancia Kappa de Cohen y concordancia canónica de Krippendorf. Los resultados mostraron adecuados coeficientes de correlación e índices concordancia, así como excelentes resultados de la Generalizabilidad con un valor G relativo y G absoluto de .99 en el acuerdo interobservador y 1.00 para el acuerdo intraobservador, revelando que la herramienta de observación para el ejercicio del battement tenduen la danza clásica presenta una óptima precisión, fiabilidad y validez. (AU)

The battement tendu, in its different forms of execution and each of them with its own work objective, is essential from the first training courses in academic dance, since it provides the basis for the learning of dancers and dancers.The present study shows an observation tool designed ad hoc for this exercise, composed of a combination of field format and category systems, exhaustive and mutually exclusive (E/ME), with the aim of being able to validate, codify and evaluate said exercise. of classical dance at a ballet barre. The instrument is made up of 5 criteria and a total of 54 categories distributed as follows: 23 in lower body, 9 in upper body, 10 for head/gaze, 3 in spatial direction and 9 for musical counts. The sample selectedin the study was made up of 10 dancers, eight women and two men, all with a professional level in classical dance. A Data Quality analysis and a Generalizability analysis were performed with the HOISAN and SAGT v1.0 programs, respectively. The reliabilityof the observers was carried out by calculating the Pearson, Spearman and Kendall's Tau b correlation coefficients, and through Cohen's Kappa concordance index and Krippendorf's canonical concordance. The results showed adequate correlation coefficients and concordance indexes, as well as excellent Generalizability results with a relative G and absolute G value of .99 in the interobserver agreement and 1.00 for the intraobserver agreement, revealing that the observation tool for the exercise of the battement tenduin classical dance presents optimal precision, reliability and validity. (AU)

O battement tendu, em suas diferentes formas de execução e cada uma de las com seu próprio objetivo de trabalho, é essencial desde os primeiros cursos de formação em dança acadêmica, pois fornece a base para o aprendizado de bailarinos e bailarinas.O presente estudo apresenta um instrumento de observação concebido ad hoc para este exercício, composto por uma combinação de formato de campo e sistemas de categorias, exaustivos e mutuamente exclusivos (E/ME), com o objectivo de poder validar, codificar e avaliar o referido exercício. de dança clássica em uma barra de balé. O instrumento é composto por 5 critérios e um total de 54 categorias distribuídas da seguinte forma: 23 na parte inferior do corpo, 9 na parte superior do corpo, 10 na cabeça/olhar, 3 na direção espacial e 9 na contagem musical. A amostra selecionada no estudo foi composta por 10 bailarinos, sendo oito mulheres e dois homens, todos com nível profissional em dança clássica. Uma análise de qualidade de dados e uma análise de generalização foram realizadas com os programas HOISAN e SAGT v1.0, respectivamente. A confiabilidade dos observadores foi realizada por meio do cálculo dos coeficientes de correlação Tau b de Pearson, Spearman e Kendall; e através do índice de concordância Kappa de Cohen e concordância canônica de Krippendorf. Os resultados mostraram coeficientes de correlação e índices de concordância adequados, bem como excelentes resultados de Generalizabilidade com um valor de G relativo e G absoluto de 0,99 na concordância interobservador e 1,00 na concordância intraobservador, revelandoque a ferramenta de observação para o exercício do battement tenduna dança clássica apresenta ótima precisão, confiabilidade e validade. (AU)

Effects of Physical Exercise on Executive Function in Adults with Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Executive function is among the most affected cognitive dimensions in depression. Physical exercise may improve executive function (e.g., working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility), although this is without consensus on adults with depression. Through this systematic review, we aim to elucidate the effects of physical exercise programs on executive functions in adults with depression. The literature search was performed in four relevant electronic databases, combining keywords and medical subject headings, from inception until September 2022. Controlled interventions, involving adults with depression, and reporting working memory, inhibition, and/or cognitive flexibility pre-post-intervention data, were considered includable. Results from meta-analyses included effect size (ES, i.e., Hedges' g) values reported with 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs), with p set at ≤0.05. Seven studies were included, including 202 men and 457 women (age: 21.0-51.2 years; mild-moderate depression). For working memory, a small favoring effect was observed in the experimental groups compared with controls (ES = 0.33, 95%CI = 0.04-0.61; p = 0.026; I2 = 64.9%). For inhibition, physical exercise had a small favoring non-significant effect compared with controls (ES = 0.28, 95%CI = -0.17-0.74; p = 0.222; I2 = 72.4%). Compared with the control group, physical exercise had a trivial effect on cognitive flexibility (ES = 0.09, 95%CI = -0.21-0.39; p = 0.554; I2 = 68.4%). In conclusion, physical exercise interventions may improve working memory behavioral measures in adults with mild-to-moderate depression when compared with active and passive control conditions. However, the reduced number of available high-quality studies precludes more lucid conclusions.

A Comprehensive Review and Bifactor Modeling Analysis of the Brief COPE.

The Brief COPE is a measure of coping strategies that contains 14 factors. The purpose of this research was twofold: (a) examine the psychometric proprieties of the Brief Cope in previous studies; and (b) perform Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) with second-order model and bifactor model specifications that could be used to assess the best model that represents the 14 coping strategies inherent to the instrument. In order to meet the first objective, a bibliographic review of published peer-reviewed studies between 1997 and 2021 was conducted. Results from the review identified 50 studies, of which 21 used exploratory factor analysis, 28 CFA and one study test-retest analysis. Seventeen studies used the entire correlated 14-factor structure. However, only 11 studies conducted a CFA. For the second objective, a sample of 472 working class individuals (female = 278) with a mean work experience of 19.06 years (SD = 11,92) were recruited. We tested several model specifications, convergent and discriminant validity analysis. We found the correlated 14-factor structure of the Brief COPE to have good psychometric properties. The second-order and bifactor model specifications displayed poor fit or did not converge, respectively. The measure showed good convergent and discriminant validity, and the subscales showed adequate internal consistency. We provide further validity and reliability of the correlated 14-factor structure, evidencing that this measure can assess coping mechanisms. Second-order model specifications need further testing and empirical evidence to support such hierarchical categorization.

Application of the Polar Coordinate Technique in the Study of Technical-Tactical Scoring Actions in Taekwondo.

The objective of this study was to design, validate and update an observation tool to analyse the technical-tactical actions by which taekwondo players win points. An ad hoc observational tool was developed for subsequent use in HOISAN software by viewing seven finals (14 viewings) in the Rome 2019 Grand Prix, collecting data (1,382 technical/tactical actions) from both winners and losers (women, n = 3; men, n = 4). An observational methodology based on a nomothetic, follow-up and multidimensional (N/F/M) observational design was used. In the statistical analysis, to check the validity of the generalizability analysis, the Category/Observer (C/O) and Observer/Category (O/C) models were employed, and to determine reliability between observations (intra- and interobserver), the Pearson, Spearman, Kendall's tau-b and Cohen's kappa correlation coefficients were applied. One point were awarded for every penalty given against the opponent. Two points were obtained for a circular technique to the trunk protector (in winners) or by scoring a point for a punch plus a penalty against the opponent, three points in melee actions, anticipatory actions with the left side (winners), or after a punch action, and circular technique (losers). Four and five points were only obtained by winners, in a direct attack with the right leg, turning (five points) or simultaneous (four points). The results of this study provide information on the most effective technical-tactical actions in taekwondo for scoring points in a contest.

Efficacy of Electromyographic Biofeedback in Muscle Recovery after Meniscectomy in Soccer Players.

Electromyographic biofeedback (EMG-BF) is a therapeutic technique that has been used successfully in the rehabilitation of injuries. Although it has been applied to athletes, its use in this field is not very widespread. The objective of this study is to analyze its effectiveness in the recovery of electromyographic activity of the quadriceps after meniscectomy, evaluated through isometric contraction of the vastus lateralis. The sample comprised ten professional footballers in the Spanish League (2nd Division A) who had previously suffered a meniscus injury in their knee and had undergone a meniscectomy. The intervention consisted of EMG-BF treatment lasting between 6 and 10 sessions. The electromyographic signal was recorded using a Thought Technology ProComp Infiniti 8-channel biofeedback unit with a sampling rate of 2048 samples/second. For each session, a within-subject ABA design of 6 or 10 trials per session was used, with three pre- and three post-measures, which determined the gain for each session. The results indicated (1) improvements in all cases, (2) EMG-BF was effective, (3) the working model was statistically significant with an explained variance of between 67% and 75%, and (4) the generalizability analysis showed that the results are reliable and generalizable. The results indicate that EMG-BF is effective in neuromuscular rehabilitation after this type of intervention.

Logical Intelligence and Mathematical Competence Are Determined by Physical Fitness in a Sample of School Children.

Previous research has shown positive relationships between fitness level and different cognitive abilities and academic performance. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between logical-mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence with physical fitness in a group of pre-adolescents. Sixty-three children (50.79% girls; 49.21% boys) from Castro del Río (Córdoba, Spain), aged between 11 and 12 years (M = 11.44, SD = 0.64), participated in this research. The Superior Logical Intelligence Test (SLIT) and the EVAMAT 1.0-5 battery were used. Physical fitness was evaluated by the horizontal jump test, the 4×10 meter speed-agility test, and the Course Navette test. The analyses showed positive relationships between physical fitness with logical-mathematical intelligence and mathematical competence. Specifically, linear regression analyzes indicated that the 4×10 speed-agility test significantly predicted mathematical competence (R 2 = 0.16; ß = -0.41) and the horizontal jump test significantly predicted logical-mathematical intelligence (R 2 = 0.24; ß = 0.50). These results are in agreement with previous research, highlighting the importance of improving physical fitness from an early age due to its benefits for intellectual and academic development.

Level of Precompetitive Anxiety and Self-Confidence in High Level Padel Players.

The objectives of the present study were firstly to evaluate precompetitive anxiety and self-confidence (SC) in padel players according to their playing level; and secondly, to study the factors that influence the levels of precompetitive anxiety and SC. One hundred padel players, all of whom were federated men (age: M = 27.6, SD = 7.5 years; weight: M = 73.4, SD = 9.8 kg; height: M = 175.6, SD = 7.5 cm) participated in the research. The CSAI-2 (Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2) questionnaire was used and a one-way ANOVA and a two- and three-ways MANOVA were conducted. The results show that the players from a better category had higher scores in SC and lower scores in somatic anxiety (SA) (η 2 = 0.10 and η 2 = 0.12, respectively). Moreover, the factors of category, body mass index (BMI) and experience, predicted 82% of the variance explained by the SC of the player. As a conclusion, this study has made it possible to ascertain that the playing category, understood as the level of the padel players, determines the levels of anxiety and SC and represents a key factor for the prediction of sports performance.

The Future Looks Good: Examining the Associations Between Coping, Psychological Distress, and Optimism.

The recent pandemic and consequent lockdown had a substantial impact on mental health and optimism regarding the future. Previous research showed that levels of depression, anxiety, and stress had increased throughout the pandemic. Nonetheless, how individuals cope when faced with adversity may be associated with positive expectations regarding the future. A sample of 274 Portuguese workers (female = 54) with a mean age of 40.86 (SD = 0.70) and work experience of 19.68 years (SD = 12.07) met inclusion criteria and agreed to participate in the proposed study. They represented a variety of working classes (i.e., arts, engineering, marketers, transportation and logistic, clerks, personal trainers, managers, lawyers, accountants, directors, journalism, health care). We investigated the associations between depression, stress, anxiety, adaptive and maladaptive coping, and optimism while controlling for working experience, gender, and work type. We found that depression was related to lower levels of optimism. However, for participants scoring high on adaptive coping and anxiety, higher scores of optimism were reported. Gender, work type, and experience did not significantly influence the results. These results provide evidence through which positive mental health can be promoted after the pandemic.